Arabic is the most widely spoken of the Semitic languages at present, and belongs to the southern branch of this language group. Arabic literary language (as opposed to dialects), formed on the basis of the North Arabic language, is spoken in Western Asia (Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, the Arabian Peninsula) and North Africa (Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, part of Sudan and a number of localities along the east coast to Zanzibar). The oldest monuments of the Arabic language are the inscriptions Namar (328 A.D.), Zabad (512 A.D.) – in the ruins of Ouabad south of Aleppo – and Harran (568 A.D.) and the area of Harran south of Damascus However, the abundant number of literary monuments in Arabic has survived only from a later time, namely, from the VI – VII centuries. These were, first of all, numerous works of poetry, which were preserved for a long time in a stable way and were subsequently recorded by Arab philologists in the 8th – 9th centuries, then the Koran (1st half of the 7th century). In these literary monuments, the Arabic language already appears as fully developed, with a well-established grammatical system and lexical composition of the tribal literary language, developed on the basis of tribal dialects and dialects and reflecting the diversity of their vocabulary. The grammatical facts and vocabulary richness of these works were carefully recorded by the first grammars and lexicographers and accepted as if as a “canon”, which was the basis for the further development of the literary language. Although subsequently many of these words or part of the meanings of these words became obsolete, especially those words and meanings that are associated with nomadic cattle breeding and tribal relations, however, they still play the role of a potential reserve, which quite often is reflected in one or the other modern writer. In its further development, the literary Arabic language, in which over the course of centuries a huge literature has been written, to a large extent created not by the Arabs, but by the peoples of Central Asia, the Caucasus, etc., has become very rich in the field of vocabulary. On the other hand, the Arabic language has had a significant impact on other languages, especially in the field of terminology of mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, trade, such as, for example, “digit”, “algebra”, “azimuth”, “alcohol”, “potassium”, “bismuth”, “coffee”, “camphor”, “shop”, “treasury”, “tariff”, “carat”, etc. In Arabic they write from right to left. Moreover, in Arabic, unlike languages with Latin or Cyrillic graphics, there are no capital letters, so proper names are spelled like any other word, as well as the first word in a sentence.

Punctuation marks are written upside down, that is, from left to right. In phonetic terms, the slave language is distinguished by an abundance of consonant phonemes, especially laryngeal, emphatic, and also interdental. There are only three vowel phonemes; they can be short or long. Grammatically, the Arabic language, like other Semitic languages, is characterized by a significant development of inflection. The root of the word consists of one consonant, usually three, less often four or five. Verb forms are highly developed. The Arabic language has a ramified verb system, the basis of which are two forms that go back to the Semitic perfect and imperfect. Derivative fundamentals are expressed: the intensity of the action, orientation and aspiration, causation, return, competition, reciprocity, etc. The number of these fundamentals reaches 15; in this regard, the Arabic language is richer than other Semitic languages, morphologically formed times – two; there are two pledges – real and passive; moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, amplifying and imperative; instead of the indefinite form, the system of verb names is very developed. Numbers – three both in the verb and in the names: singular, dual and plural; There are two genera – male and female. In the field of names: three hopes, which, however, have disappeared in modern dialects; plural forms (for example, collective names) have developed significantly; a combination of two names (one in the so-called conjugated form and the second in the genitive case) expresses not only belonging and close connection of concepts, but also various relations of attribution. In the role of service words are usually used nouns and adjectives in the accusative case. The syntax of the Arabic language is poorly developed subordination of sentences; subordinate clauses are replaced by a simple combination of independent clauses or special verb forms. Spoken folk language in the Arab countries breaks up into a number of dialects, significantly different from the generally accepted literary language. Currently, these dialects are as follows: Arabian, Syrian, Iraqi, Egyptian and Maghrib (in North Africa). Dialects gradually developed on the basis of the interaction of the Arabic language and the old languages of the respective countries; for example, in the Arabic dialects of Syria and Iraq the elements of the Aramaic language are very strong, in the Egyptian dialect there are quite a lot of Coptic words. However, literary Arabic is generally understood in all of these countries. Of almost all names and verbs in the Arabic language, a root consisting of consonants alone can be distinguished. Formation of words occurs mainly due to the internal structural change of the word – internal inflection. In the Arabic language there are three numbers of names: singular, dual and plural. Definitions and verbs are consistent with nouns in number. In the Arabic language, there are three so-called state names: raf”, hafd (or jarr), nasb. Often they are translated as nominative, genitive and accusative cases, respectively. In Arabic, the definition is consistent with that defined in certainty, gender, number, case. At the same time, for “rational” names (calling people) in the plural, the definitions are in the form of the plural of the necessary genus, and for “unreasonable” (calling animals, inanimate objects) in the singular form of the female gender.

Amhara is the main population of Ethiopia. Belongs to the Ethiopian anthropological type of Negroid race. Amharic (Amarinya) – a Semitic group, is the official language of Ethiopia; the common religion is monophysite-style Christianity. Most of the modern population of Ethiopia speaks Semitic languages, in addition to Amhara, these are tigers, gurages, argobba and harari. Amharic is a living semitic language of a significant part of the Ethiopian population, belonging to the languages of the southern group. In the Amharic language, only three parts of speech are clearly distinguished: name, verb, particle; there is no clear difference between the noun and the adjective, there is no line between the preposition and the union. The stress in the Amharic language is weak. The written Amharic language is Ethiopian with additional characters; Amharic writing and printing require 296 characters. The oldest literary monuments date back to the XIV – XV centuries. The heyday of literature dates back to the 17th century. The southern and eastern peoples of Ethiopia are Cushitic languages: galla (self-name of Oromo), which fall into two groups: Tulam and sword, or lyek; Somalia; Danakil speaking Afar; yeah; nationalities known under the general name “sidamo” (“aliens” in the Gallic language). Ethiopia is the birthplace of humanity, here, as well as throughout eastern and southern Africa, the formation of representatives of ancient humanity took place. In the valley of the lower reaches of the Avash River, many paleontological objects were found, the oldest 4 million years. The region of Tiyi was found more than 30 archaeological sites of ancient culture, whose age also reads millions of years, the valley of the lower reaches of the Omo River, where the oldest petrified remains of paleoanthropes were found. In the 1st millennium BC. the peoples of South Arabian civilization migrated to the north of Ethiopia. And from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. Until the VI century, the territory of northern Ethiopia and Eritrea was the slave state of Axum. The penetration of Christianity into Axum dates back to the 4th century. XIII century sources first mention the Ethiopian state. It comes from the ancient Greek name of the countries south of Egypt. Another name of the country and inhabitants – Abyssinia, Abyssinians, apparently, comes from the name of one of the tribes of ancient Axum – habashat. But since the inhabitants of Ethiopia (Abyssinia) see in the words “Abyssinia”, “Abyssinians” a contemptuous connotation (the Arabic word “habash” means “confusion”, “mixed people”, “mestizos”), the name of the Greek has long been accepted as the official name of the country origin – Aytyopia (Ethiopia). Despite the fact that the inhabitants of the Abyssinian Highlands speak several languages and belong to different ethnic groups, they all call themselves, first of all, Ethiopians. Ethiopians have created a rich culture that has centuries ago. They are famous for their delicate jewelry, colorful embroideries, decorating clothes, skillful weaving. From the Neolithic era in Ethiopia, dolmens, stone monoliths and tombstones with primitive images of human figures have survived. Monuments of developed art (a statue of the king and others) date back to the 9th – 7th centuries BC. The architecture of the Aksumite state, where dams, residential buildings were built, round and square in plan, reached a significant rise. Palaces (the largest of them – Takha Mariam – was divided into three courtyards, had external staircases and halls with a cruciform plan). Tombstones-stela in the form of multi-storey towers (up to 33 m high) have been preserved. With the penetration of Christianity into Ethiopia, churches and monasteries began to be built: rock churches (in Lalibela), basilicas, and small round churches.

The statue of the king. 9th – 7th centuries BC. North Ethiopia

Reconstruction of the palace of Taha-Mariam. Axum

Ruins of an ancient Greek church at Agoola. (The Illustrated London News, April 11, 1868)

Facsimile of two pages of an Abyssinian Bible. (The Illustrated London News, March 28, 1868)

Cross used in processions. (The Illustrated London News, March 7, 1868)

Tigrai is a nation that inhabits the northern regions of Ethiopia, as well as the southern and central regions of Eritrea (northeast Africa). The language of tigrai – tigrinya, belongs to the Semitic group of Semitic-Hamitic languages. According to anthropological characteristics, tigers belong to the Ethiopian anthropological type. Religion is a monophysite Christianity. Tigre is the main ethnic group of Eritrea (northeast Africa). Inhabit the Eritrean Highlands, the surroundings of Massaua and the islands of Dahlak. According to anthropological characteristics belong to the Ethiopian anthropological type. Tigers speak the language of the tiger, which belongs to the Semitic group of Semitic-Hamitic languages. By religion, Christians. Tigers are the descendants of the population of Axum, one of the ancient slave states of northeast Africa. By language, material and spiritual culture are close to tigers. Tigre is the language of the tigers living in Eritrea (Northeast Africa), in the Eritrean Highlands, in the vicinity of Massaua and on the islands of Dahlak. Refers to the southern Semitic branch of the Semitic group of the Semitic-Hamitic family of languages.

Tigrigna is the language of the Tigrai people who inhabit the northern region of Ethiopia, the southern and central regions of Eritrea (in East Africa). Refers to the southern Semitic branch of the Semitic group of the Semitic-Hamitic family of languages.

The biblical “explanation” of the origin of mankind is explained as follows (Genesis): the sons of Noah Shem, Ham, Japheth, after the end of the “global flood” populated the whole earth, however, science proves that the flood in the area of Mesopotamia was local in nature and the sons of Noah represented the peoples there. Ham was cursed by Noah for mocking the nudity of his intoxicated father and was doomed to slavery. Shem and Japheth, who showed filial piety and covered their father with clothes, were blessed by Noah. In the biblical genealogy of Shem, Ham and Japheth, their sons and grandchildren are represented by the ancestors of the eponyms of large groups of peoples: Semitic (from the eponym Sim, peoples of Elam, Mesopotamia, Syria, Jews, etc.), rude (from Ham, peoples Africa and others) and yaphetics (“yaphetids”, from “Japheth”), identified with the Indo-European peoples. Chapter 10: “1 This is the genealogy of the sons of Noah: Shem, Ham and Japheth. After the flood, their children were born. (Three main groups of peoples living in the Middle East found their expression here: Semitic languages – Jews, Assyrians, Aramaeans, Arabs; Hamitic languages “Copts, Berbers, Amharas; Yaphet (Caucasian) languages, some scholars associate with Indo-European peoples. Although the gradation is extremely arbitrary).” Isaac Asimov writes in the book “In the Beginning” (p. 321—322): “So, after the flood, God made the earth a second time. After describing this act, biblical authors quickly organize the peoples who inhabit the world (more precisely, that part of it that was them well known) in order to go directly to the history of the Israeli tribes – the central theme of world events.The three Noah’s sons embody the ideas of the three largest groups of peoples known to the ancient authors of the Bible. It is believed that the descendants of Shem inhabit the Arabian Peninsula and areas north ofincluding the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates. Since these descendants also include Israeli tribes, Shem was honored to be the eldest son of Noah. The languages spoken by the descendants of Shem are now called “Semitic” (“Sem” is the Greek-Latin form of the Hebrew named “Shem”; in Russian transcription – “Shem.”) They include Hebrew, Assyrian, Aramaic and Arabic. According to the Bible, the descendants of Ham live mainly in that part of Africa that is adjacent to Asia. The languages of the peoples who originally inhabited this territory were called “rude”.