Scientific research in recent years shows that 4.5 billion years the Earth has appeared in almost modern form and since then has not changed its original appearance. With the help of radioisotope analysis, scientists found that the continental crust, which differs from its structure and thickness located under the oceans, was formed 4.4 – 4.5 billion years ago, i.e. almost immediately after the birth of the planet. It may be necessary to rewrite the history of human civilizations, which were previously considered absolutely fantastic. According to modern scientific theories oxygen appeared in the atmosphere of the Earth about 2,4 billion years ago, and 600 million years ago its content in the atmosphere sharply increased and approached to the modern level.

In ancient Paleolithic times similar culture existed in the Altai, Northern Caucasus, Siberia, in the foothills of the Ural (Chusovaya river, according to one version, the birthplace of Zoroaster), the Irtysh river, etc. Ancient original culture of the Paleolithic, traces of which are found on all space of Northern Asia, originated somewhere in Central Asia, most likely in Northern Mongolia, where most found its remains, and then spread from there to the South-East to the yellow river to the North, in Yakutia and on the West to the Ural, and also towards the upper reaches of the Irtysh. It is permissible to assume that towards the ancient tribes of Asia, gradually moving in separate groups from East to West, moving other groups, maybe even ahead of them off the coast of Lake Baikal at the end of the Solutrean and early Madeleine time.

As well as Mesolithic tribes in the North of Western Europe, inhabitants of Ural region and the areas adjacent to it existed at this time hunting for wild animals and birds, and also fishing in lakes and rivers. On the ground of their settlements left many implements of bone and horn working the simple economic needs of hunters and fishermen. Forms of these products are so similar to those found in the North-West of Russia, Karelia, partly in Finland, Estonia and Latvia, that leave no doubt in the presence of ties between the tribes, inhabited all this vast space from the Ural to the shores of the Baltic sea.

While the glaciers of the last glaciation were slowly disappearing in Northern Europe and climate stages were gradually changing, there were no such sharp fluctuations in natural conditions in the southern regions of Western Europe. The most significant event here was the change of the harsh climate of the late glacial time, first relatively warmer and drier, and then a humid forest climate.

In the Ural were discovered Neolithic monuments of the IV millennium BC, which belonged to the tribes of hunters and fishermen who began to produce pottery. Pile – type structures are also developing in the Ural, the remains of which are found everywhere-in Northern Italy, southern Germany, the Balkans, Northern Europe, Switzerland, Northern Russia and other territories. Houses stood on stilts, carved and sharpened hundreds or thousands of trees driven into the marshy soil. Remember the Russian fairy tale, which tells about the hut on chicken legs – the figurative name of a wooden frame, which in the old days to protect them from rotting, put it on the stumps with chopped off roots and fumigated with smoke from insects. One of the wooden churches in old Moscow, put, in view of the heating space, such hemp, called “Nicola on chicken legs”, from the Slavic word “Smoking”, which originally meant the burning of aromatic resins or mixtures as the victim and the incense mixture.

Steppe spaces between the Dnieper and Ural rivers “in the first half of the III millennium were inhabited by tribes that were engaged in hunting and fishing and left mounds in the steppe expanses of the Volga and the don, in left-Bank Ukraine, on the Dnieper. Under these mounds find burials in ordinary ground pits. In the “pit” mounds of later origin were found bones of domestic animals, the remains of wagons-signs indicating the beginning of cattle, as well as individual crafts made of copper.

A new rise in the development of tribes living in the Russian South during the Eneolithic period is represented by the so-called catacomb mounds in the steppes between the Volga and the Dnieper. At this time there lived tribes that are closely related to the North Caucasus. They perceived the achievements of Caucasian tribes in copper metallurgy, agriculture and cattle breeding. These tribes appeared to have formed several associations that differed to a certain extent from each other in the details of their culture. Thus it can be seen that the catacomb burials occur in the East in more ancient times than in the West.

It can be argued that the tribes who left catacomb burials spread from East to West during the III Millennium BC In the West they came into conflict with the Tripoli tribes, pushed them back and Middle Dnieper and penetrated to Poland, where you can also find burial, in which ceramics found close to the pottery characteristic of catacomb burial mounds in the Northern Caucasus.

The reason for such a wide resettlement of tribes that left the catacomb mounds, you need to look in the nature of their economy, the process of development of cattle breeding Began, the tribes became more mobile; agriculture in their lives played a lesser role, the Needs of nomadic cattle breeding caused resettlement in large spaces. Because of the pastures there were military clashes. The domestication of animals and the protection of the herds was a male. Therefore cattle belonged to the man and was inherited not by the maternal sort, and sons of the man. The Patriarchy came, in the oldest beliefs it was reflected in the cult of God the father that subsequently entered all monotheistic religions as the main dogma. This led gradually to the concentration of property in individual families and eventually split the ancestral community, which is now opposed to a large Patriarchal family, it was several generations of direct relatives on the paternal line, under the authority of the oldest. The growth of wealth and the emergence of wealth inequality has entailed the emergence of slavery. It is noted by frequent violent burial in catacombs of slaves a place with the man. Cattle were the first form of wealth here, which allowed to accumulate significant surpluses.

The penetration of the Western tribes, who left catacomb burial mounds, were not confined to the territory of Poland. Catacomb burial can be traced back to Slovenia. The so-called corded ornament at a local utensils were intimately connected with the ornamentation of the vessels from the catacomb burial mounds. This ornament was distributed at the end of the III Millennium BC on the territory of present Hungary, Austria (in Salzburg). At the beginning of the II Millennium BC in Europe, especially in Northern and Central, was widespread: corded ornamentation of utensils. In some areas there were amphorae of the North Caucasian forms (e.g., Saxo-Thuringian pottery) and spread the typical Yamna and catacomb burials of the decoration, especially eslovenia pins.

Significant changes occur in the economy of the European population. There is a cattle and in many areas it is becoming a major sector of the economy. The economy and culture of more ancient tribal associations are changing in this direction. At the same time, similar changes are taking place in the territory, which was recently occupied by tribes that created the Trypillian culture.

All these facts indicate that at the end of the Eneolithic Europe experienced profound changes caused by the penetration of the West from the steppes of Eastern Europe population, which carried with it a lot of new technology, agriculture, ceramic production and other fields of culture.

This confirms the assumption of researchers-linguists that the tribes speaking the oldest Indo – European languages-of Eastern origin, and this explains the presence of related languages of the Indo-European family in vast spaces from Indus to Western Europe.

In Central Europe and on the Rhine, tribes coming from the East met and mingled with another, Western group of tribes that spread from Spain (the so-called “bell-shaped Cup tribes”). This confusion could play a decisive role in the process of extending further to the West Indo-European languages, subordinating here the old languages of Neolithic Europe and forming new languages-Celtic and other ancient Western European groups of Indo-European family languages, a Similar process took place in the early II Millennium and in the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe. It also penetrated southern tribes related to Dnieper-desninsky group of middle Dnieper tribes. Their advance marked the early monuments of the so-called fatyanovo culture, open first in Bryansk and then in the Moscow region. Later they spread throughout the Volga-Oka interfluve, developing cattle breeding, high forms of metallurgy and ceramics still unknown to the local population. However, here their fate was different than in Western Europe. In the forest areas of the Volga-Oka interfluve, they were unable to successfully apply their southern forms of farming and were absorbed by local tribes. Treatment of bronze reaches its highest development; in the early burials of the tribes “carcass” of culture found molds for the manufacture of such sophisticated guns, which was a battle-axe, the characteristic type at the beginning of the II Millennium BC spread from Mesopotamia through the Caucasus to southern Russian regions. Bronze cast also daggers, spears, arrows and jewelry – earrings, bracelets and plaques sewed on clothes. In the early period of the existence of these cultures cast bronze, apparently, was carried out of the house. However, with the development of technology of casting and complexity of the forms of products bronze began to engage specialists – casters. Some of them lived in communal villages, catering to the needs of the community, while others gradually broke away from the community, turning into traveling craftsmen working to order, with their tools, stock of raw materials and semi-finished products. By the end of the II Millennium BC the number of such wayfarers especially increased. Before us came a lot of their warehouses containing molds, bronze ingots, as well as harvested guns and weapons. Such warehouses are found and in the territory occupied by tribes of “srubny” culture and on many parts of Western and southern Siberia and Kazakhstan.

The fire played from the earliest times in the life of peoples huge value. Its use by men became the cornerstone of the formation of the civilization, which exits by its roots to the deepest antiquity. The most ancient settlings of people have traces of bonfires.